Petroleomics is the prediction of all properties of petroleum based on the petroleome, the complete listing of all components in a given crude oil. As it develops, petroleomics will lead petroleum science into a bright, new future, and is a major focus of this book. A necessary step has been to largely resolve the molecular size and structure of asphaltenes and their hierarchical aggregate structures and dynamics. This is especially important for characterizing heavy oils. Flow assurance concerns and interfacial science are also addressed in this book. A review of recent technological developments of Downhole Fluid Analysis highlights the key and critical issues in deepwater production of oil and gas. Petroleum science and technology are treated in a vertically integrated and seamless manner. This book is indispensable for the scientist concerned with petroleum, heavy oils, petrocolloids, interfacial science, and/or flow assurance. This book will also greatly benefit technologists who are concerned with petroleum production, transportation, storage, refining, and/or heavy oil processing.